黄土丘陵沟壑区坡体稳定性影响因素分析

选取黄土丘陵沟壑区纸坊沟小流域为研究区,利用高精度遥感影像(分辨率0.068 m)和DEM (分辨率0.34 m)数据,结合野外调查,对崩塌、滑塌、滑坡、脱落和陷穴等失稳体进行识别,通过统计学、敏感系数方法,利用识别失稳体数据,分析不同类型失稳体空间分布状况,定量研究不同类型失稳体的影响因子敏感程度,揭示不同类型失稳体的主控因子,进一步阐明流域坡体失稳体的空间分布规律和影响坡体稳定性的主控因子。结果表明:(1)利用高精度遥感影像,获取流域失稳体,主要是以小规模和浅层的脱落、崩塌和滑塌为主,三者面积合计为0.417 km²,占流域总面积的5.04%。(2)评价因子内部中,土壤母质的红黏土、土地利用的天然灌木林地和草地、地貌部位的沟坡、坡度＞35°、地形起伏度为0.74~3.34 m是坡体失稳发生的高敏感区域,也是崩塌、滑塌、脱落和陷穴发育共有的敏感区域。(3)影响坡体稳定性主控因子权重由大到小为土壤母质、地形起伏度、坡度、土地利用和坡向。崩塌、滑塌和脱落的主控因子与整体坡体稳定性的主控因子相同,但因子内部权重存在差异。崩塌与整体坡体稳定性影响因子顺序分布一致。滑塌主控因子权重由大到小为土壤母质＞地形起伏度＝坡度＞土地利用＞坡向＞地貌部位。脱落主控因子权重由大到小为土壤母质＞土地利用＞地形起伏度＞坡度＝坡向＞地貌部位。滑坡的主控因子为坡度和地形起伏度。陷穴的主控因子权重由大到小为土壤母质＞地形起伏度＞坡度＞坡向。     

Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs

Assessing the impacts of climatic and, in particular, land use changes on rates of soil erosion by water is the objective of many national and international research projects. However, over the last decades, most research dealing with soil erosion by water has concentrated on sheet (interrill) and rill erosion processes operating at the (runoff) plot scale. Relatively few studies have been conducted on gully erosion operating at larger spatial scales.Recent studies indicate that (1) gully erosion represents an important sediment source in a range of environments and (2) gullies are effective links for transferring runoff and sediment from uplands to valley bottoms and permanent channels where they aggravate off site effects of water erosion. In other words, once gullies develop, they increase the connectivity in the landscape. Many cases of damage (sediment and chemical) to watercourses and properties by runoff from agricultural land relate to (ephemeral) gullying. Consequently, there is a need for monitoring, experimental and modelling studies of gully erosion as a basis for predicting the effects of environmental change (climatic and land use changes) on gully erosion rates.In this respect, various research questions can be identified. The most important ones are:

What is the contribution of gully erosion to overall soil loss and sediment production at various temporal and spatial scales and under different climatic and land use conditions?

What are appropriate measuring techniques for monitoring and experimental studies of the initiation and development of various gully types at various temporal and spatial scales?

Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments in terms of flow hydraulics, rain, topography, soils and land use?

How does gully erosion interact with hydrological processes as well as with other soil degradation processes?

What are appropriate models of gully erosion, capable of predicting (a) erosion rates at various temporal and spatial scales and (b) the impact of gully development on hydrology, sediment yield and landscape evolution?

What are efficient gully prevention and gully control measures? What can be learned from failures and successes of gully erosion control programmes?

These questions need to be answered first if we want to improve our insights into the impacts of environmental change on gully erosion. This paper highlights some of these issues by reviewing recent examples taken from various environments.     

Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China

Soil loss has become one severe problem in black soil areas of Northeast China after several decades of cultivation. Gully erosion is one of its main components. In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from 5 active gullies selected in representative black soil area during April 2002 to June 2004, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multitemporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and then used for further analysis. This presents a new method to compute the retreat rate of gully heads and the rate of soil losses caused by gully erosion. The results indicate that the average volumetric retreat rate was 729.1 m³ year^− 1, corresponding with an average linear retreat rate of 6.2 m year^− 1 in gully head and planimetric changes of 323.6 m² year^− 1 during the two monitored years, but more erosion took place during the second and third monitored period compared to the first. The erosion by freeze thawing and snowmelt accounts for a large percent. And this will be emphasized when rainfall is added in spring. If only considering the third monitored period, the conservatively estimated retreat rate by freeze thawing and snowmelt (i.e. before rainy season) may even reach 8.6 m year^− 1 in gully head, with a volumetric rate of 120.9 m³ year^− 1 and planimetric changes of 173.6 m² year^− 1. These results reveal that gully erosion is a great threat in the study area and conservation measures are urgently needed. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, one conceptual model for gully developing in black soil of Northeast China is proposed, which is supported by the data.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区放牧林草地团聚体水稳性的研究

以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区——山西偏关县为例,对不同放牧植被类型、不同放牧强度、不同放牧畜种条件下表层土(0-10cm)的团聚体水稳性进行分析研究。结果表明,放牧草地较之放牧林地的土壤结构及结构稳定性要好;重度放牧下土壤团聚体含量最小,其结构稳定性亦最差;从畜牧羊种选择来看,绵羊相对于山羊来说对土壤结构破坏较小,土壤中团聚体含量较多、团聚体水稳性也较好。     

放牧对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区林草地土壤特性的影响

在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区——山西偏关县通过放牧试验研究了草地和柠条林地在不同放牧强度、不同放牧畜种条件下表层土(0~10 cm)的物理和化学性质。结果表明,放牧强度直接影响着草地和柠条林地土壤的物理结构。随放牧强度的增加,牲畜对土壤的践踏加剧,导致土壤紧实度增加,容重上升,含水量下降。草地和柠条林地的水解氮含量都随放牧强度的增加而增加,速效钾含量则都表现为中度放牧>重度放牧>轻度放牧;速效磷的含量草地随放牧强度的增加而减少,柠条林地的速效磷含量则随放牧强度的增加而增加。从畜牧羊种选择来看,绵羊相对于山羊来说对放牧地践踏较轻,土壤容重较小,土壤含水量、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量则较高。     

李家大沟泥石流与三峡库区奉节县新城建设

三峡库区奉节县新城建设大大改变了李家大沟中下游的地质环境,泥石流将直接威胁到新城区的建设和人民财产的安全。从工程地质角度出发,对李家大沟泥石流的形成环境(地层岩性条件、构造条件、地貌条件、气象条件、植被发育及人类工程活动)、基本特征(形成区和流通区特征)和形成机制进行了详细的系统研究,对泥石流的危害性和发展趋势做了预测评价,并提出了合理科学的建议。     

Gully erosion: Impacts, factors and control

Gully erosion attracts increasing attention from scientists as reflected by two recent international meetings [Poesen and Valentin (Eds.), Catena 50 (2–4), 87–564; Li et al., 2004. Gully Erosion Under Global Change. Sichuan Science Technology Press, Chengu, China, 354 pp.]. This growing interest is associated with the increasing concern over off-site impacts caused by soil erosion at larger spatial scales than the cultivated plots. The objective of this paper is to review recent studies on impacts, factors and control of gully erosion and update the review on ‘gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs’ [Poesen et al., 2003. Catena 50 (2–4), 91–134.]. For the farmers, the development of gullies leads to a loss of crop yields and available land as well as an increase of workload (i.e. labour necessary to cultivate the land). Gullies can also change the mosaic patterns between fallow and cultivated fields, enhancing hillslope erosion in a feedback loop. In addition, gullies tend to enhance drainage and accelerate aridification processes in the semi-arid zones. Fingerprinting the origin of sediments within catchments to determine the relative contributions of potential sediment sources has become essential to identify sources of potential pollution and to develop management strategies to combat soil erosion. In this respect, tracers such as carbon, nitrogen, the nuclear bomb-derived radionuclide 137 Cs, magnetics and the strontium isotopic ratio are increasingly used to fingerprint sediment. Recent studies conducted in Australia, China, Ethiopia and USA showed that the major part of the sediment in reservoirs might have come from gully erosion.Gullies not only occur in marly badlands and mountainous or hilly regions but also more globally in soils subjected to soil crusting such as loess (European belt, Chinese Loess Plateau, North America) and sandy soils (Sahelian zone, north-east Thailand) or in soils prone to piping and tunnelling such as dispersive soils. Most of the time, the gullying processes are triggered by inappropriate cultivation and irrigation systems, overgrazing, log haulage tracks, road building and urbanization. As exemplified by recent examples from all over the world, land use change is expected to have a greater impact on gully erosion than climate change. Yet, reconstructions of historical causes of gully erosion, using high-resolution stratigraphy, archaeological dating of pottery and ¹⁴C dating of wood and charcoal, show that the main gully erosion periods identified in Europe correspond to a combination not only of deforestation and overuse of the land but also to periods with high frequency of extreme rainfall events.Many techniques have proved to be effective for gully prevention and control, including vegetation cover, zero or reduced tillage, stone bunds, exclosures, terracing and check dams. However, these techniques are rarely adopted by farmers in the long run and at a larger spatial scale because their introduction is rarely associated with a rapid benefit for the farmers in terms of an increase in land or labour productivity and is often contingent upon incentives.     

The impact of environmental change on the intensity and spatial pattern of water erosion in a semi-arid mountainous Andean environment

Aerial photographs taken in 1976 and 1989 and a field survey in 1999 showed that land use in a 900-ha catchment in the southern part of the Ecuadorian Andes is highly dynamic. Over 23 years, ca. 83 ha of arable land was abandoned and ca. 70 ha was taken into agricultural production. Changes in land use were not spatially homogeneous. Parcels on unstable geologic formations and close to village centres were preferably set-aside. Land taken into cultivation was preferably located on gently sloping areas close to newly built sites and arterial roads. The area with bush vegetation increased by regeneration of natural vegetation on fields set-aside in the late 1970s and early 1980s. There was a complex interaction between water erosion and environmental change in the study area. Land taken into production was levelled for furrow irrigation: this led to a net reduction in the area susceptible to water erosion. However, one quarter of the area affected only by sheet and rill erosion 23 years ago has since become incised by deep gullies. This increase in gully density was related to inadequate construction and management of irrigation infrastructure, rather than to change in vegetation cover and/or soil erodibility caused by agricultural practices. This factor is often overlooked in studies of the effects of environmental change on geomorphologic processes.     

建平县暴雨时空特征分析

利用1953-2013年的逐日降水资料,分析了建平县暴雨的年际变化特征。对该地区产生暴雨的环流形势和天气系统进行了归纳和分析,得出了影响该地区产生暴雨的大尺度环流天气形势,并根据数值预报产品进行物理量诊断分析,从中选取预报因子和预报指标,再结合建平当地特殊地形综合进行分析,最后总结出形成建平气候特点的暴雨预报,为提高当地暴雨天气预报准确率提供了参考。     

黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟发育机理

对黑土区5个小流域开展侵蚀沟调查,分析了侵蚀沟的分布和形态特性,发现侵蚀沟主要发生在坡耕地上。通过对垄作的汇流进行计算,发现造成沟蚀快速发展的原因之一是坡耕地实行单一的横坡垄作。因此,在东北黑土区采取水土保持综合措施可防止坡耕地水土流失。